{"id":12927,"date":"2018-11-14T14:25:16","date_gmt":"2018-11-14T13:25:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/?p=12927"},"modified":"2025-03-11T21:07:26","modified_gmt":"2025-03-11T20:07:26","slug":"ako-funguje-machine-learning","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/2018\/11\/ako-funguje-machine-learning\/","title":{"rendered":"Najjednoduch\u0161ie vysvetlenie strojov\u00e9ho u\u010denia alebo ako funguje machine learning"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\"><b>Doba \u010d\u00edtania:<\/b><\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 5<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">min.<\/span><\/span><p>Ak si nap\u00ed\u0161ete do Google ot\u00e1zku <em>&#8220;what is machine learning&#8221;<\/em>, okam\u017eite na v\u00e1s vysko\u010d\u00ed hromada \u010dl\u00e1nkov z diskusn\u00fdch f\u00f3r, akademick\u00fdch str\u00e1nok a r\u00f4znych \u010fal\u0161\u00edch zdrojov ur\u010den\u00fdch bu\u010f pre program\u00e1torov, alebo pre vedcov. Strojov\u00e9 u\u010denie v\u0161ak nie je len pre \u00fazko \u0161pecializovan\u00fa skupinu \u013eud\u00ed. Naopak, v poslednej dobe sa strojov\u00e9 u\u010denie postupne st\u00e1va u\u017eito\u010dnou pom\u00f4ckou pre pomerne ve\u013ek\u00fa \u010das\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed h\u013eadaj\u00fa mo\u017enosti, ako zlep\u0161i\u0165 svoj biznis t\u00fdm, \u017ee vedia efekt\u00edvne a hlavne ve\u013emi presne pracova\u0165 s ve\u013ek\u00fdm objemom d\u00e1t. Po\u010fme spolu nahliadnu\u0165 do sveta strojov\u00e9ho u\u010denia.<\/p>\n<h1>Hist\u00f3ria strojov\u00e9ho u\u010denia<\/h1>\n<p>Asi ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s pozn\u00e1 Turingov test. Pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00fdm toto meno ni\u010d nehovor\u00ed, tak Alan Turing bol zn\u00e1my britsk\u00fd matematik, ktor\u00fd pomohol rozl\u00fa\u0161ti\u0165 nacistick\u00fd k\u00f3d pomocou stroju zn\u00e1meho ako The British Bombe. Turingov test sl\u00fa\u017eil na odhadnutie toho, \u010di je nejak\u00fd stroj inteligentn\u00fd. Test spo\u010d\u00edval v tom, \u017ee stroj musel presved\u010di\u0165 \u010dloveka, aby si myslel, \u017ee je re\u00e1lna osoba. Alan Turing u\u017e vtedy predpovedal, \u017ee stroje postupne nahradia v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu \u013eud\u00ed vo svojich zamestnaniach. Jeho z\u00e1ver bol v\u0161ak nakoniec tak\u00fd, \u017ee stroje nebud\u00fa nikdy schopn\u00e9 plne nahradi\u0165 \u010dloveka kv\u00f4li ve\u013ekosti \u00faloh, ktor\u00e9 musia by\u0165 vyrie\u0161en\u00e9. V roku 1952 bol vytvoren\u00fd program d\u00e1ma. Vyn\u00e1lezca Arthur Samuel vtedy pracoval na tomto programe pomocou najmodernej\u0161\u00edch po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov od IBM. D\u00e1ma sa d\u00e1 pova\u017eova\u0165 za jednu z prv\u00fdch hier, v ktorej boli vyu\u017eit\u00e9 met\u00f3dy strojov\u00e9ho u\u010denia. Po\u010d\u00edta\u010d sa dok\u00e1zal zlep\u0161ova\u0165 s narastaj\u00facim po\u010dtom odohran\u00fdch hier. \u0160tudoval a porovn\u00e1val pohyby a v\u00ed\u0165azn\u00e9 strat\u00e9gie, ktor\u00e9 boli efekt\u00edvne a zakomponoval ich do svojho programu.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12933\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12933\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12933\" src=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blogoads\/sites\/2\/2018\/11\/us__en_us__ibm100__700_series__checkers__620x350.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/11\/us__en_us__ibm100__700_series__checkers__620x350.jpg 620w, https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/11\/us__en_us__ibm100__700_series__checkers__620x350-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/11\/us__en_us__ibm100__700_series__checkers__620x350-500x282.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/11\/us__en_us__ibm100__700_series__checkers__620x350-400x226.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/11\/us__en_us__ibm100__700_series__checkers__620x350-250x141.jpg 250w, https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/11\/us__en_us__ibm100__700_series__checkers__620x350-200x113.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/11\/us__en_us__ibm100__700_series__checkers__620x350-100x56.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/11\/us__en_us__ibm100__700_series__checkers__620x350-76x43.jpg 76w, https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/11\/us__en_us__ibm100__700_series__checkers__620x350-50x28.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12933\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">IBM 701 bol v roku 1951 najlep\u0161\u00edm po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom na svete. Jedn\u00fdm z tvorcov bol aj John Von Neumann.<br \/>Zdroj: ibm.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Skuto\u010dn\u00fd prelom v strojovom u\u010den\u00ed v\u0161ak pri\u0161iel v roku 1997, ke\u010f syst\u00e9m Deep Blue od IBM porazil svetov\u00e9ho \u0161ampi\u00f3na v \u0161achu. V roku 2006 vymyslel Geoffrey Hinton term\u00edn <strong>deep learning<\/strong>. Ozna\u010dil t\u00fdm algoritmus, ktor\u00fd dovo\u013euje po\u010d\u00edta\u010dom vidie\u0165 a rozozna\u0165 objekty a text vo vide\u00e1ch a obr\u00e1zkoch. V roku 2014 bol prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t prejden\u00fd Turingov test. Rok na to sa stretlo cez 3000 v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov v oblastiach umelej inteligencie a robotiky v doprovode Elona Muska, Steva Wozniaka, Stephena Hawkinga, aby podp\u00edsali otvoren\u00fd list, ktor\u00fd je varovan\u00edm pred nebezpe\u010denstvom auton\u00f3mnych zbran\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 si vyberaj\u00fa a \u00fato\u010dia na ciele bez \u013eudsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1sahu. V roku 2016 porazila umel\u00e1 inteligencia od Googlu profesion\u00e1lneho hr\u00e1\u010da v \u010d\u00ednskej hre Go, ktor\u00e1 je pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za najkomplexnej\u0161iu doskov\u00fa hru na svete. AlphaGo algoritmus vyhral v\u0161etk\u00fdch 5 hier v s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ei Go.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V s\u00favislosti s touto t\u00e9mou by v\u00e1s mohol zauj\u00edma\u0165 n\u00e1\u0161 podcast:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/w.soundcloud.com\/player\/?url=https%3A\/\/api.soundcloud.com\/tracks\/472891125&amp;color=%23ff5500&amp;auto_play=false&amp;hide_related=false&amp;show_comments=true&amp;show_user=true&amp;show_reposts=false&amp;show_teaser=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h1>Kde sa v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti naj\u010dastej\u0161ie stret\u00e1vame so strojov\u00fdm u\u010den\u00edm?<\/h1>\n<p>Malware je jedn\u00fdm z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9mov, s ktor\u00fdm bojuje hlavne ve\u013ea technologick\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed. Antiv\u00edrusy v dne\u0161nej dobe predstavuj\u00fa pomerne slab\u00e9 zabezpe\u010denie a ve\u013ea sofistikovan\u00fdch v\u00edrusov nimi dok\u00e1\u017ee prejs\u0165. Priemern\u00e1 hodnota ukradnut\u00e9ho d\u00e1tov\u00e9ho z\u00e1znamu je 141 dol\u00e1rov a s t\u00fdm, ako st\u00fapa sofistikovanos\u0165 \u00fatokov, samozrejme st\u00fapaj\u00fa aj n\u00e1roky na kybernetick\u00fa bezpe\u010dnos\u0165. Antiv\u00edrus \u010dastokr\u00e1t nesta\u010d\u00ed a tak vstupuje do hry machine learning. Ka\u017ed\u00fd nov\u00fd kus malwaru m\u00e1 pribli\u017ene tak\u00fa ist\u00fa \u010das\u0165 k\u00f3du ako p\u00f4vodn\u00fd \u0161kodliv\u00fd softv\u00e9r. Existuje v\u0161ak 2 a\u017e 10% vari\u00e1cia pri novom type k\u00f3du. Strojov\u00e9 u\u010denie nem\u00e1 probl\u00e9m s vysokou mierou presnosti odhadn\u00fa\u0165, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fabory s\u00fa malware. V \u010fal\u0161\u00edch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch s\u00fa algoritmy schopn\u00e9 vyh\u013eada\u0165 vzorce v tom, ako je pristupovan\u00e9 k d\u00e1tam na cloude a ohlasuj\u00fa anom\u00e1lie, ktor\u00e9 by potenci\u00e1lne mohli predpoveda\u0165 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 naru\u0161enia.<\/p>\n<h1>Ako v\u0161ak strojov\u00e9 u\u010denie funguje?<\/h1>\n<p>Najjednoduch\u0161ie vysvetlenie strojov\u00e9ho u\u010denia poskytol Google na svojej konferencii v roku 2015. Predstavil model \u017eiakov a u\u010dite\u013ea, ktor\u00fd sa sna\u017e\u00ed zisti\u0165 optim\u00e1lny \u010das na nau\u010denie sa testu z matematiky.<\/p>\n<p>U\u010dite\u013e najprv mus\u00ed nastavi\u0165 model sk\u00f3re z\u00e1visl\u00e9ho na mno\u017estve \u010dasu u\u010den\u00ed. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je, aby stroj rozumel premenn\u00fdm, ktor\u00e9 bude pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 vo svojom u\u010den\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148, aby mal prvotn\u00fd vstup. Tak\u017ee u\u010dite\u013e mus\u00ed pou\u017ei\u0165 svoj profesion\u00e1lny odhad a nastavi\u0165 model tak, aby \u010do najpresnej\u0161ie zodpovedal realite.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>0 hod\u00edn = 50% sk\u00f3re<\/li>\n<li>1 hodina = 60% sk\u00f3re<\/li>\n<li>2 hodiny = 70% sk\u00f3re<\/li>\n<li>3 hodiny = 80% sk\u00f3re<\/li>\n<li>4 hodiny = 90% sk\u00f3re<\/li>\n<li>5 hod\u00edn = 100% sk\u00f3re<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tieto \u00fadaje vyzeraj\u00fa celkom rozumne a tak sa u\u010dite\u013e rozhodne post\u00fapi\u0165 na \u010fal\u0161iu f\u00e1zu a tou je poskytnutie prvotn\u00e9ho vstupu. Prvotn\u00fd vstup s\u00fa \u00fadaje, ktor\u00e9 z\u00edska u\u010dite\u013e od \u017eiakov, ktor\u00ed sa mu zveria s vlastn\u00fdmi sk\u00fasenos\u0165ami s u\u010den\u00edm danej l\u00e1tky a t\u00fdm p\u00e1dom nebud\u00fa \u00faplne presne zodpoveda\u0165 prvotn\u00e9mu modelu. Stroj zaznamen\u00e1 odch\u00fdlky a postupne sa za\u010d\u00edna u\u010di\u0165. Proces skon\u010d\u00ed vtedy, ke\u010f si je u\u010dite\u013e ist\u00fd, \u017ee matematick\u00fd model dostato\u010dne odr\u00e1\u017ea realitu. Napr\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>0 hod\u00edn = 45% sk\u00f3re<\/li>\n<li>1 hodina = 55% sk\u00f3re<\/li>\n<li>2 hodiny = 65% sk\u00f3re<\/li>\n<li>3 hodiny = 75% sk\u00f3re<\/li>\n<li>4 hodiny = 85% sk\u00f3re<\/li>\n<li>5 hod\u00edn= 95% sk\u00f3re<\/li>\n<li>6 hod\u00edn = 100% sk\u00f3re<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu presnos\u0165 dostane vtedy, ak sa op\u00fdta ve\u013ek\u00e9ho po\u010dtu \u0161tudentov a t\u00fdm p\u00e1dom m\u00e1 dostatok \u00fadajov, na z\u00e1klade ktor\u00fdch sa m\u00f4\u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010d \u010falej u\u010di\u0165. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee parametre sa menia minim\u00e1lne, aby sa model zlep\u0161oval a preto je prv\u00e1 f\u00e1za ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1. Na mno\u017estve d\u00e1t, ktor\u00e9 potrebujete, vpl\u00fdva ve\u013ea premenn\u00fdch. Najviac v\u0161ak z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na druhu algoritmov. Na odhadnutie ve\u013ekosti vzorky sa pou\u017e\u00edva napr\u00edklad \u0161tatistick\u00e1 heuristika, ale odhady b\u00fdvaj\u00fa \u010dastokr\u00e1t nepresn\u00e9. A preto sa ve\u013eakr\u00e1t st\u00e1va, \u017ee potrebujete omnoho viac d\u00e1t, ako hovoria va\u0161e \u0161tatistiky.<\/p>\n<h1>Zamyslite sa aj nad t\u00fdmito ot\u00e1zkami<\/h1>\n<p>Malo by by\u0165 dovolen\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 strojov\u00e9 u\u010denie v auton\u00f3mnych zbraniach? Do akej miery sa m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 strojov\u00e9 u\u010denie v m\u00e9di\u00e1ch a novin\u00e1ch? Kde v\u0161ade by mali ma\u0165 drony dovolen\u00e9 \u00eds\u0165? Tieto a aj \u010fal\u0161ie ot\u00e1zky s\u00fa etick\u00fdmi probl\u00e9mami, ktor\u00e9 strojov\u00e9 u\u010denie nevyhnutne prin\u00e1\u0161a. Bli\u017e\u0161ie sa etike strojov\u00e9ho u\u010denia povenujeme v \u010fal\u0161\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nkoch.<\/p>\n<h1>Kde sa d\u00e1 dozvedie\u0165 viac o strojovom u\u010den\u00ed?<\/h1>\n<p>Skvel\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok a dobr\u00fd zdroj inform\u00e1ci\u00ed sa nach\u00e1dza na <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/machine-learning-in-practice\/my-curated-list-of-ai-and-machine-learning-resources-from-around-the-web-9a97823b8524\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medium.com<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.datasciencecentral.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Data Science Central<\/a>. Najlep\u0161\u00edmi platformami na ponorenie sa do strojov\u00e9ho u\u010denia s\u00fa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tensorflow.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tensor Flow<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.anaconda.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anaconda<\/a> alebo <a href=\"http:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scikit learn<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ak si nap\u00ed\u0161ete do Google ot\u00e1zku &#8220;what is machine learning&#8221;, okam\u017eite na v\u00e1s vysko\u010d\u00ed hromada \u010dl\u00e1nkov z diskusn\u00fdch f\u00f3r, akademick\u00fdch str\u00e1nok a r\u00f4znych \u010fal\u0161\u00edch zdrojov ur\u010den\u00fdch bu\u010f pre program\u00e1torov, alebo pre vedcov. Strojov\u00e9 u\u010denie v\u0161ak nie je len pre \u00fazko \u0161pecializovan\u00fa skupinu \u013eud\u00ed. Naopak, v poslednej dobe sa strojov\u00e9 u\u010denie postupne st\u00e1va u\u017eito\u010dnou pom\u00f4ckou pre [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":62,"featured_media":13023,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[313,339,1225,1168,1226],"class_list":["post-12927","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technologie","tag-google","tag-historia","tag-machine-learning","tag-python","tag-tensor-flow"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Najjednoduch\u0161ie vysvetlenie strojov\u00e9ho u\u010denia alebo ako funguje machine learning - Websupport.sk Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.websupport.sk\/blog\/2018\/11\/ako-funguje-machine-learning\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Najjednoduch\u0161ie vysvetlenie strojov\u00e9ho u\u010denia alebo ako funguje machine learning - Websupport.sk Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ak si nap\u00ed\u0161ete do Google ot\u00e1zku &#8220;what is machine learning&#8221;, okam\u017eite na v\u00e1s vysko\u010d\u00ed hromada \u010dl\u00e1nkov z diskusn\u00fdch f\u00f3r, akademick\u00fdch str\u00e1nok a r\u00f4znych \u010fal\u0161\u00edch zdrojov ur\u010den\u00fdch bu\u010f pre program\u00e1torov, alebo pre vedcov. 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